The Bachelor's degree in Chemistry formally qualifies students for a career, but graduates usually decide to go on to study for a Master's degree (Chemistry or a related subject area). Even after completing a Master's degree in chemistry, most stay at university for another 3 to 4 years to complete a doctoral dissertation (usually with employment in the public sector). The professional field for chemists has expanded considerably in recent years. In addition to research and development in large and medium-sized companies in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries, many chemists today also work in marketing, analytics, scientific publishing, patenting, public authorities, food chemistry, as freelancers or as consultants. Of course, universities and research institutes also offer numerous career paths.